Functional neurological disorders: acute presentations and management

Apoptosis in acute and chronic neurological disorders.

Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a physiologically important process in neurogenesis wherein approximately 50% of the neurons apoptose during maturation of the nervous system. However, premature apoptosis and/or aberrations in apoptosis control contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders including acute brain injury such as trauma, spinal cord injury, ischemic str...

Functional neurological disorders: the neurological assessment as treatment.

The neurologist's role in patients with functional disorders has traditionally been limited to making the diagnosis, excluding a 'disease' and pronouncing the symptoms to be 'non-organic' or 'psychogenic'. In this article, I argue that there are multiple opportunities during routine assessment of a patient with a functional disorder for the neurologist to take the lead with treatment. These opp...

Functional electrical stimulation in neurological disorders.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) refers to electrical stimulation of muscles in order to improve the impaired motor function. This is achieved by activating skeletal muscles with constant frequency trains of stimulations. This method has been found useful in various neurological disorders like hemiplegia, foot drop and paraplegia including spinal cord injuries. The first half of this rev...

Functional neurological disorders: a treatment-focused review

Patients with medically unexplained symptoms present in all medical and surgical settings, acute and chronic, with protean symptomatic manifestations. Whether they present with globus pharyngeus to the otorhinolaryngologist, inflammatory bowel disease to the gastroenterologist, chronic pelvic pain to the gynae cologist or chronic fatigue to the rheumatologist, they occupy more than 30% of all g...

Acute Management of Neurological Emergencies